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Issue 21 August View more. Issue 14 August View more. Issue 7 August View more. Issue 31 July View more. Issue 24 July View more. One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a 'private citizen' rather than a 'public figure' in the eyes of the law. A particular problem occurs in the case of a relatively unimportant individual and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes.
In January , a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka 'Tron', a deceased hacker. On February 9, , the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.
Wikipedia has a ' Volunteer Response Team ' that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. Wikipedia was described in as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment. The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language were reasons put forth in for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.
Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics. A comprehensive survey, published in , found significant gender differences in: confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks.
The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.
Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the 'superprotection' feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June Maher stated regarding the harassment issue that: 'It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates.
These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed [] to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch.
Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. According to Andrew Lih, the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.
Wikipedia receives between 25, and 60,page requests per second, depending on the time of the day. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers with Debian.
Following growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in as recently reported, [49] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. Community-produced news publications include the English Wikipedia's The Signpost , founded in by Michael Snow, an attorney, Wikipedia administrator, and former chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.
There are also several publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as Wikimedia Diff and This Month in Education. The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. When the project was started in , all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License GFDL , a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.
This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.
In December , the Creative Commons license was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. In April , Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June The handling of media files e.
Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries e.
Media files covered by free content licenses e. Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.
The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting service for the contributors and licensors of the Wikipedia. This position has been successfully defended in court.
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.
Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk, with an accuracy of 55 percent.
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection.
And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the 'worry' is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. Bloomberg Businessweek reported in July that Google's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for with Directly after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.
In June Wikipedia launched en. In a newer mobile service was officially released, [] located at en. Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata, such as geoinformation. Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries.
Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.
The number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.
Access to the Chinese Wikipediahas been blocked in mainland China since May In , Quartz reported that the Chinese government had begun creating an unofficial version of Wikipedia. However, unlike Wikipedia, the website's contents would only be editable by scholars from state-owned Chinese institutions. The article stated it had been approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China in In —18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news.
Noam Cohen, writing in The Washington Post states, 'YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out 'fake news'.
In February , The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating 'With 18 billion page views and nearly million unique visitors a month Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1. In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in According to 'Wikipedia Readership Survey ', the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders.
Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. During the COVID pandemic, Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [] [] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia. In , Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation along with YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and Facebook [] in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.
In July , Wikipedia was the focus of a minute documentary on BBC Radio 4 [] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select group of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar Google, Facebook, YouTube that they no longer need explanation.
On September 28, , Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, 'the seventh most consulted website', to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues. On September 16, , The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the US election campaign, saying: 'Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate.
Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day. Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience. A working group led by Peter Stone formed as a part of the Stanford-based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence in its report called Wikipedia 'the best-known example of crowdsourcing In a opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as 'one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web' and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services, the latter having 'since colonized the web for television's values'.
For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers 'endangered' due to the 'gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment'.
Rather than ' sapere aude ' lit. This is while Wikipedia faces 'a more concerning problem' than funding, namely 'a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website'.
Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to 'save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know. Wikipedia won two major awards in May The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the 'community' category.
In , readers of brandchannel. The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger. In , Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [] and the SpanishPrincess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation.
Many parodies target Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning 'together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on'. In an April episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager Michael Scott is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.
In , the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named 'Professor Wikipedia', in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.
The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, , features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying 'Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. On August 23, , the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: 'Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?
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